从句是相对于主句而言的,即它是附属于某一个主句,而不克零丁作一个句子。在英语中,首要有三大从句,即名词性从句（包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、前提、事实、目的、原因、让步、地点、体式等）。在句子中起名词浸染的句子叫名词从句(Noun Clauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能经受主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，是以凭证它在句平分歧的语法功能，名词从句又可拜别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。指导名词性从句的连结词可分为三类：（1）附属连结：that, whether, if（不充当从句的任何成分）（2）连结代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.（3）连结副词：when, where, how, why主语从句
做句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句常日由附属连词that，whether，if和连结代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连结副词how，when，where，why等词指导。that在句中无词义，只起连结浸染；连结代词和连结副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连结浸染，在从句中充当从句的成分。That he is still alive is a wonder. 他还活着，真是事业。That we shall be late is certain. 我们要晚了，这是确定无疑的。That he should have ignored the working class was natural. 他忽视工人阶级是很自然的。That she is still alive is a consolation. 她还活着是使人感应快慰的。That she became an artist may have been due to her father’s influence. 她成为画家或许是受她父亲的影响。That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time. 你将来伦敦是良久以来我听到的最好新闻。That she was chosen made a tremendous stir in her village. 她被遴选上，在她村子里引起很大轰动。Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会撑持我们照样一个问题。Whoever is top from wins the game when two matched players meet. 两强相争勇者胜。Whichever (of you) comes in first will receive a prize. 无论(你们)谁先到都可以得奖。Whichever you want is yours. 你要哪个，哪个就是你的。When we arrive doesn’t matter. 什么时候到没有关系。How this happended is not clear to anyone. 这件事若何发生的，谁也不清楚。How many people we are to invite is still a question. 邀请若干人照样一个问题。What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这一点。What’s done is done. 事已成定局。What he says is not important. 他说的话并不首要。What I am telling you is mere impressions. 我和你说的都不过是一些印象而已。What you need is a good-sized canvas bag. 你需要的是一个对照大的帆布袋。有时为了考虑句子平衡，常日在主语从句处使用形式主语it，而将真正的主语从句移至句末。这分三种景遇：(1) 对于以连词that指导的主语从句，常日用形式主语代主语从句：It’s a pity that he didn’t come. 很遗憾他没来。It is important that he should know about this. 他必需知道此事。It’s vital that we be present. 我们出席是至关首要的。It was intended that you be the candidate. 人人的意图是让你当候选人。It is appropriate that this tax be abolished. 取销这个税是适合的。It’s unfair that so many people should lose their jobs. 竟有这么多人失业这是不屈正的。It’s amazing that she should have said nothing about it. 她竟未谈及此事令人诧异。It’s unthinkable that they should deny my request. 他们竟然拒绝我的请求，这是弗成思议的。That they should refuse to sign the petition required great courage. 他们拒绝在..书上签字这是需要很大勇气的。(2) 对于以连结代词(副词)指导的主语从句，可以使用形式主语代主语从句，也可直接在句首使用主语从句：Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会撑持我们照样一个问题。It was a problem whether they would support us. 他们是否会撑持我们照样一个问题。It remains to be seen whether it will do us harm or good. 它对我们是利是害，还得看看再说。(3) 对关系代词型what指导的主语从句，常日直接将主语从句放在句首。如：What we need is money. 我们需要的是钱。What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这一点。★若是句子是疑问句，则必需用带形式主语it的组织：Is it true that he is the girl’s father? 他是那女孩的父亲，是真的吗？
How is it that you are late again? 你怎么又迟到了？指导主语从句的连词that 有时可省，有时不克省，其原则是：若that指导的主语从句直接位于句首，则that不克省略；若that指导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主语it，则that可以省略。如：That you didn’t go to the talk was a pity. 很遗憾你没去听申报。(that弗成省)It was a pity (that) you didn’t go to the talk. 很遗憾你没去听申报。(that可省)8. 此外留意在主语从句顶用来透露必需、理应如斯、建议、要求等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
宾语从句在复合句顶用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。指导宾语从句的连结词与指导主语从句连结词简略一样。
1.宾语从句中指导词用法连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if代词：who, whose, what ,which副词：when ,where, how, why 等。
①连词：He told me (that he would) go to the college the next year 他敷陈我他明年上大学。I don’t know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车。Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没有人知道他是否会经由考试。
❶that指导★可跟that指导的从句做宾语的动词有：say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。如：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否认时，常把否认转移至主句透露。并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否认词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim ,is he? I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, won't she/he?We suppose you have finished the project, haven't you?若是宾语从句中有某个含有否认意义的形容词或副词(不包含带有否认前缀的词，如：unhappy，unfair，dislike等),其反义疑问句要用必然形式。 We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he?★当主句的主语是第二、三人称时，其反义疑问句一般与主句贯穿一致。Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesn't she?You thought they could have completed the project, didn't you?They don't believe she's an engineer, do they?She doesn't expect that we are coming so soon, does she?（1）当句中的动词后接多于两个由that指导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后背的that弗成省。I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get better．（2）当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般弗成省。Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.（3）当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that弗成省。I can’t tell him that his mother died.例句：She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him．好多带复合宾语的句子，that指导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。（5）当宾语从句前置时 That our team will win，I believe．（6）当that作learn, suggest ,explain ,agree ,wonder ,prove ,mean, state ,feel ,hold等动词的宾语时;
❷由whether,if 当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether指导，意为“是否”。如：I don't know if ／whether he still lives here after so many years．我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。①在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether（if…or not也可以使用）。如：Let me know whether ／if he will come or not．（＝Let me know whether or not he will come）让我知道他是否能来。I don't know whether ／if he does any washing or not．（＝I don't know whether or not he does any washing．）我不知道他洗不洗衣服。I wonder whether we stay or whether wego．我不知道我们是去照样留。如：I'm interested in whether he likes English．我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time．我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。如：He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man．他尚未决意是否拜谒那位白叟。He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train．他还未决意是乘公众汽车去照样坐火车去。如：Whether this is true or not，I can't say．这是否是真的我说不上来。如：Whether she will come or not is still a question．她是否能来照样个问题。如：Please let me know if you like the book．可懂得为：If you like the book，please let me know．你若是喜欢这本书，请敷陈我。
❸只能用if不克用whether指导The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.（3）指导状语从句even if（即使）和as if（好像）时He talks as if he has known all about it.
②连结代词和连结副词指导的宾语从句这样的宾语从句实际上是由稀奇疑问句改变而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种组织的动词经常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
❶连结代词Who ,whom ,whose ,which ,what,在句中经受主语、宾语、定语或许表语。连结代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.Do you know who has won Red Alert game?The book will show you what the best CEOs should know.
❷连结副词When ,where ,why ,how，在句中经受状语的成分。He didn’t tell me when we should meet again. 他没有敷陈我什么时候我们能再会面。Could you please tell me how you use the new panel?None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
2.宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连结代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。I don’t know what they are looking for.Could you tell me when the train will leave?
3.宾语从句的时态（1）时态：主句是一般现在时，从句凭证实际景遇使用任何时态。例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.（2）主句是以前时态，从句须用以前时态的某种形式。例句：She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.（3）当宾语从句透露的是一个客观真理或许事实时，即使主句是以前时，从句也用一般现在时态。例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.★留意：运用虚拟语气的景遇在透露“建议 suggest 、advise、propose; 要求demand 、desire、request；决意 decide; 呼吁 order、command、require; 武断主张 insist”等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v．（虚拟语气）如：I suggested that you（should）study hard．He ordered that we should go out at once． 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中：动词 wish, suggest ,order ,insist , propose,等词后背的宾语从句透露的是一种虚拟语气，宾语从句中的动词动作透露的只是一种愿望、要求。如：I wish she would be on my side. 我进展她能站在我一边。I wish I could help him. 我进展我能匡助他。He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means. 他僵持要我们人人想尽法子按时去那儿。动词 demand, suggest, order, insist, propose 后背的从句中，"should" 可以省略。如：The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class. 师长建议我们课后把黑板擦了。He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves. 他要肄业生每周都要自己洗衣服。
4.简化宾语从句的体式把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简练句，使其与原句意思沟通（或临近）的试题。下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的体式：（1）当主句谓语动词是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式组织。例如：Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon.→Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.We decided that we would help him.（2）当主句谓语动词是know， learn， remember， forget， tell等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”组织。She has forgotten how she can open the window.→She has forgotten how to open the window.★注：当主句谓语动词是tell， ask， show， teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”组织。例如：Could you tell me how I can get to the station？→Could you tell me how to get to the station？（3）当主句的谓语动词是order（呼吁），require（需要）等时，若是主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”组织。例如：The headmaster ordered that we should start at once.→The headmaster ordered us to start at once.（4）某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。例如：He insisted that he should go with us.→He insisted on going with us.The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born.→The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.（5）某些动词后背的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式（作宾语补足语）”组织。例如：Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground.→ Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.（6）动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的改变。例如：It seemed that the boys were going to win.I found that it was difficult to learn English well.→I found it difficult to learn English well.Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow.→Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.They found that the box was very heavy.→They found the box very heavy.
表语：诠释主语的性质、特征、状况或身份，诠释主语是什么或许怎么样。总之表语是对主语的注释息争说，是主语具体化，并且常与连络动词一路使用。表语从句：在复合句中作表语的从句, 就叫做表语从句。表语从句一般放在系动词之后,组织是“主语+系动词+表语从句”。★连络动词：be动词、透露持续的系动词（keep, remain, stay）、感官动词feel(摸起来，感触) , smell(闻起来) , sound(听起来) , taste(尝起来，吃起来) 等、透露改变的系动词（become, grow, turn, fall, get, go,）、表完结的系动词prove, turn out(事实是，证实是)、seem, appear（看起来……）He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.His suggestion is that we should stay calm.1.表语从句的指导词
①附属连词that / whether /as if /as though/as/because(1) that指导表语从句本身没有词义，在句中只起连结浸染，不充当句子成分，一般不克省略。That fact is that more than seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water.连结词that一般不克省略，但当主句中含动词do的某种形式时，that可以省略。What I want to do is (that) I can go up to him and thank him. 我想做的事是走到身边去感谢他。(2) whether指导表语从句透露“是否”,但不充当句子的成分。The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.if 与whether均意为“是否”，但指导表语从句时，只能用whether, 不克用if。(3)as if/though“似乎”，指导表语从句时要留意语态。若是句中的景遇与事实不相符，从句多用虚拟语气。若是从句透露与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般以前式；若是从句透露与以前事实相反时,谓语动词要用“had + 以前分词 ”，若是从句透露将来的或许性不大，用would (might ,could )+动词秘闻。Li Lei is now in a new jacket. He looks as if he were an American boy. (现在事实相反)The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon. It seems as if she had been to the moon many times. （与以前事实相反）It looks as if it might rain. （与将来事实相反）然则，若是as if/though指导的表语从句所透露的与事实相符，从句则用陈述语气。The clouds are gathering. It looks as if is going to rain.He looked just as he had looked ten years before.常用组织：This/That/It is/was because...That is because I don’t like Chinese.
②连结代词who/whom/whose/what/which/whoever/whatever/whichever/whomever，在表语从句中做主语、宾语、表语和定语。Tom is no longer what he used to be. (what做表语)The problem is who is fit for this job. (who做主语)This is what I want to tell you. (what做宾语)The problem is whose work is the best. (whose做定语)
③连结副词when/where/how/why，在表语从句中做状语。The question is how he did it. 问题是他是若何做此事的。The question is where we can live.问题是我们能住在哪儿。
2.特例强调（1）reason做主语或主语中包含事件的原由时,后背的表语从句透露原因时要用that来指导,而不用because；why指导主语从句做主语时，表语从句用that指导，不用because。The reason is that he got up late.Why he is late is that he got up late.
①That is why ...是常用句型,个中why指导的从句在句中作表语,该句型常日用于针对前面已经说过的原因进行总结。That is the reason why ...与That is why ...是同义的，“这就是……的原因/是以……”，然则从语法组织上讲That is the reason why ...中的why指导的是一个定语从句。That is why she failed to pass the exam.那就是她考试错误格的原因。(why 在表语从句中充当原因状语)That is the reason why she failed to pass the exam.那就是她考试错误格的原因。(why 在定语从句中充当原因状语)②That is because...句型中附属连词because指导的名词性从句在此作表语，这也是个常用句型，意为“这就是因为……”。That is because I got up late. 这是因为我起床迟了。③“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不合在于“That is because...”指原因或情由， “That is why...”则指因为各类原因所造成的后果。I was angry. That was because he didn’t understand me.我生气是因为他不理解我。(表语从句强调原因)That’s why he got fired from that firm.那恰是他被公司解雇的原因。(表语从句强调事实)（3）The reason (why.../for...)is /was that... “...的原因是...”
The reason for his absence is that he got up late.The reason why he is absent is that he got up late.在透露建议、劝说、呼吁、规划含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“should+动词秘闻”透露虚拟语气，should可省略。常见的词有：advice，suggestion，order，request，proposal，plan，idea等。My suggestion is that we （should） start early tomorrow.我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
同位语从句在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。一个名词（或此外形式）对另一个名词或代词进行补充诠释，这个名词（或此外形式）就是同位语。
1.用法同位语从句一般跟在某些名词后背，用以诠释该名词透露的具体内容。 I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的新闻。①可以跟同位语从句的抽象名词常日有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word（新闻），possibility等。I’ve come from Mr. Wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon．我从王教师那边来，他让我敷陈你他当代界午不克来看你了。 ②在某些名词表“建议，呼吁，要求等”（如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等）后背的同位语从句要用虚拟语气 （即should+动词秘闻；should可省）。There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.③同位语从句前名词的数：同位语从句前的名词常日用单数形式，并且往往带有限制词(word除外)加以润饰。 Where did you get the idea that I could not come？你在哪儿据说我不克来？
2.连词英语中指导同位语从句的词通有that，whether，连结代词what，who，连结副词how, when, where等。（注：if, which 不克指导同位语从句。）（1）连词that指导同位语从句（注：指导同位语从句的that不克省略）The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.你认为不动脑子脑壳就能做好这件工作的设法是完全错误的。（作idea的同位语）（2）连词whether指导同位语从句（注：if不克指导同位语从句） The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
A.连结代词what, who, whom, whose指导同位语从句I have no idea what size shoes she wears.我不知道她穿几号的鞋。（what作定语）The question who will take his place is still not clear.（who作主语）
B.连结副词when, where, how, why 指导同位语从句We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.l have no idea when he will be back．我不知道他什么时候回来。My question how I shall get in touch with him has not been answered.
3.分隔式同位语从句有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在诠释的名词后背，而被其余词隔开。在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city．Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them． 几年往后，有新闻传来说拿破仑要亲自视察他们。
4.定语从句与同位语从句同位语从句是用于诠释所润饰名词的具体内容的，它与被润饰词语常日可以划等号；而定语从句是限制所润饰名词的，它的浸染是将所润饰的名词与其他相同的器材区别开来。同位语从句中的指导词that不做成分，而定语从句中的指导词that做成分。定语从句中，关系代词做宾语可以省略；同位语从句的指导词弗成以省略。We are glad at the news that he will come. 听到他要来这个新闻我们很兴奋。We are glad at the news that he told us. 听到他敷陈我们的这个新闻我们很兴奋。
